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Summary

New Environment Class 09

## OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (01:13 PM)

## HUNTING AND POACHING (01:16 PM)

- It results in biodiversity loss. For example: The degradation of grassland due to the Disappearance of cheetah.
- **PRIMARY DRIVERS**
- **A)HABITAT LOSS**
- For Illegal trading for investment, For example, tigers and rare birds.
- For Tourism purposes like Safari.
- **VICTIM OF HUNTING WHO GOT EXTINCT**
- Nagaland:Amur Falcon.
- Woolly Mammoth.
- Tasmanian tiger.
- Dodo Bird.
- **B)INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (01:44 PM)**
- The IUCN defines invasive alien species as which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitats, Is an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity.
- It is a generalist species (It can survive anywhere).
- They are tolerant of a wide range of soil and weather conditions.
- It is also a pioneer species in various regions.
- They are capable of easy reproduction. For example: Long flowering seasons and long fruiting seasons.
- They also develop an aggressive root system, Producing large amounts of seeds which can be dispersed easily.
- They have a broad native range.
- **Examples**
- Prosopis juliflora.
- Lantana camara.
- Parthenium hysterophorus.
- Water Hyacinth.
- Giant African land snail
- Common myna.
- Rock pigeon Clownfish.
- **C)MAN-ANIMAL CONFLICT (01:56 PM)**
- MAN-ANIMAL conflict is when encounters between humans and wildlife lead to negative results such as loss of property, livelihood and even life.
- It often leads to people killing animals in self-defence or preemptive or retaliatory killings which can drive species to extinction.
- **CAUSES**
- 1) Habitat destruction, Deforestation.
- 2)Fragmentation of forest.
- 3)Infrastructural development works inside the forest. Example: Road, Railways.
- 4)Expanding the agriculture area into the forest areas.
- 5)Illegal tourism activities.
- 6)Unsustainable tourism practices.
- **SOLUTION (02:21 PM)**
- 1)Learn to live peacefully, Principle of coexistence.
- 2)Farming in the buffer area, Growing alternative crops, Extra income from livestock - Quote case study of Sonitpur District, Assam.
- 3)Warning through Radio communication and emergency broadcast.
- 4)In long-term Habitat conservation, Increase in prey base.
- 5)Relocation of predators (For example Relocation of Tiger from Ranthambore to Sariska)
- 6) Insurance coverage to farmers.
- 7)Bee fencing for animals.
- 8)Construction of overbridge.

## BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT (02:39 PM)

- A biodiversity hotspot is an area rich in biodiversity; at the same time, drastic biodiversity loss is also witnessed.
- Conservation International (CI) identifies hotspots regions with high biodiversity and which are under constant threats.
- To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot
- 1)The region must have 1500 vascular plants as endemic.
- 2)Lost at least 70% of its natural vegetation.
- There are a total of 36 biodiversity hotspots across the world. Examples: The Atlantic forest of South America, The Guinean forest of west Africa etc.
- There are four biodiversity hotspots in India:
- a)Himalayas (Including Nepal and Bhutan)
- b)Western Ghats and Srilanka.
- c)Indo Burma (Northeast).
- d)Sundaland (Java, Sumatra, Bornea, Great Nicobar)

## BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (03:13 PM)

- Conservation method is categorised into **two types:**
- **Ex situ and Ins situ conservation.**
- **DIFFERENCES**
- |  |  |
  | --- | --- |
  | **EX SITU** | **IN SITU** |
  | - It involves conservation by removing a species of wildlife from its natural habitat which is threatened and placing it under the influence of humans. | - It is a process of protecting endangered plant and animal species in their natural habitat. |
  | - Number will increase Faster | - Number will not grow at a fast pace. |
  | - Less stable due to low genetic diversity. | - More stable in terms of genetic diversity |
  | - Behavioural Changes | - No Behavioural changes |
  | - Zoo,Botanical garden | - National Park, Wildlife sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve. |
  | - Breeding centres at some places like Jatayu breeding centre. - Gene bank. - Cryopreservation. - Seed vault. | - Involves two types of protection: - Area-based where the entire is protected and, - Species where a specific species is targeted. |

## BIOSPHERE RESERVE (03:45 PM)

- These are the sites established to provide sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science.
- Main objectives include:
- a)Conservation of biological diversity as well as cultural diversity.
- b)Sustainable economic development.
- c)Providing logistic support and development through research, monitoring, education and awareness generation.
- **ZONES WITHIN BIOSPHERE RESERVES (BR)**
- Each BR is divided into three zones:
- **a)Core area**
- It includes a strictly protected zone with endemic plant and animal species.
- It is a protected area which is kept free from human interference, which includes a national park and wildlife sanctuary
- **b)Buffer zone:**
- Limited human activity which is compatible with ecological practices.
- It aims to reduce the pressure on coal areas and includes activities such as limited tourism, fishing, controlled greasing etc.
- Research and educational activity are increased.
- **c)Transition zone:**
- It is the outermost zone where socio-cultural and ecologically sustainable human and economic activity are allowed.
- It includes agriculture, plantations, intensive tourism etc.
- In India, we have 18 BR. The central government recognises the BR.
- UNESCO,Man & Biosphere reserve(MAB) they just recognise the government recognised BR.So out of 18,12 got UNESCO MAB recognition.
- ![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-exglPyq8gyo/WZ5mX5e3xHI/AAAAAAAAAH8/pc-iiEkJ8Xwh9l2KMqJWweDUzpZpqDh8ACEwYBhgL/s1600/biomain.jpg)
- Out of the above 18, Except for the cold desert, the Run of Kutch, Seshachalam, Manas, Dibru Sikhowa and Dihan Dibang others are UNESCO MAB recognised.

## The topic for the next class

: Continuation of Protected sites(Detail Discussion)